[84] and Sharma et al. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. 2011;343:5224. 1984;5:6370. BMJ. Wang et al. [83] found that long-term exposure to microwave radiation (typical mobile phone, at an SAR level range of 0.170.37W/kg for 3h daily for 8months, or wireless digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone (DECT) base at an SAR level range of 0.0120.028W/kg for 8h/d for 8months) induced the synthesis of 143 proteins, including some neuronal function-associated proteins such as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), glial maturation factor (GMF), apolipo protein E, heat-shock protein, cytoskeletal proteins and some proteins that are associated with metabolism in the brain. In 43% of devices, military personnel are not exposed to an electromagnetic field. PubMed Central RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. 2003;140:147. 2010;39:67594. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Cosquer et al. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. 2014;12:75. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. 2012;3:3440. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. Merola et al. Moreover, the popularization of mobile phones has made them the main source of brain exposure to radiation. Google Scholar. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. 2010;2010. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. 1990;39:13543. J Environ Health. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Finally, Hardell et al. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Google Scholar. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Mack et al. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. Article Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) is a tetramer composed of two NR1 and two NR2 subunits or two NR3 subunits that perform the functions of NMDAR [69, 70], and NMDAR plays key roles in synapse development, synaptic plasticity and neurological diseases. Behav Brain Res. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. Edelstyn N, Oldershaw A. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. Abe M, Bonini NM. The effects are usually . [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Privacy Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. 2006;398:2537. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Cite this article. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. Gold PE. PubMed Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Verma et al. Mil Med Sci. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. J Sleep Res. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. 2000;11:16413. Sareesh et al. Neuroscience. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109]. 2013;17:711. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the Neurologic and biochemical findings and CD4/CD8 ratio in people occupationally exposed to RF and microwave. 2003;11:346. pability of the body (thus, a thermal effect), whereas the standard of the U.S.S.R. and Poland are based upon the interaction of the microwave fields with the brain and central nervous system as measured by neurological or behavior effects. Bull Exp Biol Med. . Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. CAS Joubert et al. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. 2013;34:26474. Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Dasdag S, Balci K, Ayyildiz M, Celik M, Tekes S, Kaplan A. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Ito K, Hirao A, Arai F, Takubo K, Matsuoka S, Miyamoto K, et al. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. 1993;13:41322. PubMed J Environ Health Sci Eng. 2005;25:10190201. 2003;41:26887. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. It has been reported that microwave radiation can induce lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and produce apoptotic signals [74, 75]. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 2009;27:556572. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. millimeter, or equivalently. Cobb et al. Google Scholar. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. 2005;130:591600. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. Lnn S, Ahlbom A, Hall P, Feychting M. Long-term mobile phone use and brain tumor risk. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. However, there was no change in the frequency of AMPA mEPSCs or the amplitudes of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) mEPSCs. 2016;25:31827. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. 1994;15:95104. Dendritic spines, which are small protrusions that extend from dendritic shafts, are also cellular compartments containing signaling molecules that are important for synaptic transmission and plasticity [88,89,90,91]. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Kesari KK, Behari J. Fifty-gigahertz microwave exposure effect of radiations on rat brain. Neurotoxicology. 2004;23:20114. 2005;161:3314. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Acta Pharmacol Sin. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. World J Biol Chem. radiation with wavelengths. Mol Neurobiol. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Sci Total Environ. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. P Nat Acad. Messier C, Durkin T, Mrabet O, Destrade C. Memory-improving action of glucose: indirect evidence for a facilitation of hippocampal acetylcholine synthesis. [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. Mack A, Georg T, Kreis P, Eickholt BJ. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. Their answers to questionnaires showed that the workers suffered from symptoms including headaches, fatigue, stress and sleeplessness. PubMed However,. 2015;91:42634. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. Int J Radiat Biol. Synapse. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. PubMed Central 2012;35:32534. Article 2005;22:32931. Behav Brain Res. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. 2006;12:44651. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. These conclusions are presented in Table2. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Dasdag et al. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Bioelectromagnetics. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Arch Environ Health. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . J Electromagnet Anal. Nicholson RM, Kusne Y, Nowak LA, LaFerla FM, Reiman EM, Valla J. 2012;112:1715. 2014;53:22230. 2010;28:445. 2007;34:146779. 2000;6:18793. Physiol Behav. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Interphone study group. Int J Hyg Environ Health. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. Szmigielski S. Cancer morbidity in subjects occupationally exposed to high frequency (radiofrequency and microwave) electromagnetic radiation. Iran J Public Health. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA.
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