enceladus gravity compared to earth

Phil Davis However, for Enceladus to still be active, part of the core must have also melted, forming magma chambers that would flex under the strain of Saturn's tides. The camera aboard NASAs Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft imaged Saturn on Oct. 13, 2021. [140], It has been suggested that for an icy satellite the size of Mimas or Enceladus to enter an 'excited state' of tidal heating and convection, it would need to enter an orbital resonance before it lost too much of its primordial internal heat. NASA's Europa Clipper is on the Case, NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Images Saturn, Hubble's Grand Tour of the Outer Solar System, Giving and Receiving: A Mission Tradition, NASA Outlines Challenges, Progress for Artemis Moon Missions, NASA's Artemis Rover to Land Near Nobile Region of Moon's South Pole, NASA to Announce Landing Site for Artemis Lunar Robotic Rover, September 2021: The Next Full Moon is the Harvest Moon; the Fruit or Barley Moon, 40 Years On, Remembering Voyager's Legacy at Saturn, NASA Study Highlights Importance of Surface Shadows in Moon Water Puzzle, Hubble Finds First Evidence of Water Vapor at Jupiter's Moon Ganymede, NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Europa Clipper Mission, July 2021: The Next Full Moon is the Buck Moon, Thunder Moon, Hay Moon, Mead Moon, Glenn Researchers Study New, Futuristic Concept to Explore Titan, Probing for Life in the Icy Crusts of Ocean Worlds. Because Enceladus is so different from Earth, though, it's unclear if its oceans may be similar in other ways, too. Currently, these spots are interpreted as collapse pits within these ridged plain belts. Enceladus, second nearest of the major regular moons of Saturn and the brightest of all its moons. NASA-funded scientists have discovered shaded locations within pits on the Moon that always hover around a comfortable 63 F. From deep below the soil at Earths polar regions to Plutos frozen heart, ice exists all over the solar systemand beyond. [68] Here the "blue" ice is on a flat surface, indicating that the region is young enough not to have been coated by fine-grained water ice from the E ring. [99] The amount of libration (0.120 0.014) implies that this global ocean is about 26 to 31 kilometers (16 to 19 miles) deep. Twenty years ago, the search for planets outside the Solar System was a job restricted to science-fiction writers. Managing Editor: [26][97][98][154][155][156] Geochemical modeling results concerning not-yet-detected phosphorus indicate the moon meets potential abiogenesis-requirements. When Enceladus is closer to Saturn, the pull of Saturn's gravity is stronger, creating a larger tide; and when Enceladus is farther away, the pull is weaker, creating a smaller tide. Voyager 2 made its closest approach to Saturn on Aug. 25, 1981. Data from the magnetometer instrument during the February 17, 2005, encounter provided evidence for a planetary atmosphere. This page showcases our resources for those interested in learning more about Saturn and Titan. But with a mass of 1.08 1020 kg, it is only 0.000018 as massive. [176], The discoveries Cassini made at Enceladus have prompted studies into follow-up mission concepts, including a probe flyby (Journey to Enceladus and Titan or JET) to analyze plume contents in situ,[177][178] a lander by the German Aerospace Center to study the habitability potential of its subsurface ocean (Enceladus Explorer),[179][180][181] and two astrobiology-oriented mission concepts (the Enceladus Life Finder[182][183] and Life Investigation For Enceladus (LIFE)).[146][173][184][185]. by | Jun 5, 2022 | curtain suppliers in dubai | riverside cafe medicine park, ok menu | Jun 5, 2022 | curtain suppliers in dubai | riverside cafe medicine park, ok menu On April 13, 2017, NASA announced the discovery of possible hydrothermal activity on Enceladus's sub-surface ocean floor. [58] Results from Cassini suggest that tectonics is the dominant mode of deformation on Enceladus, including rifts, one of the more dramatic types of tectonic features that were noted. [6] Enceladus orbits within the densest part of Saturn's E ring, the outermost of its major rings, and is the main source of the ring's material composition. These new-found worlds are more alien than anything in fiction. Enceladus is 1,272,000,000km = 0.00013445ly away from Earth Physical Properties Enceladus' surface made up of mostly of nearly pure water ice except near its south pole, where there are light organics, CO2, and amorphous and crystalline water ice, mostly in the region called the "tiger stripes." Voyager 2 made its closest approach to Saturn on Aug. 25, 1981. However, the observed 4.7 gigawatts heat flux is enough to power the cryovolcanism without the presence of ammonia. The presence of an internal global salty ocean with an aquatic environment supported by global ocean circulation patterns,[150] with an energy source and complex organic compounds[33] in contact with Enceladus's rocky core,[27][28][153] may advance the study of astrobiology and the study of potentially habitable environments for microbial extraterrestrial life. It is also the only moon in the Solar System known to have a dense atmosphere, 4.5 denser than Earth's atmosphere. The gravitational tug of a planetary body, such as Enceladus, alters a spacecraft's flight path ever so slightly. [38] He chose these names because Saturn, known in Greek mythology as Cronus, was the leader of the Titans. [70] VIMS also detected simple organic (carbon-containing) compounds in the tiger stripes, chemistry not found anywhere else on Enceladus thus far. new eczema treatment 2022 australia . He chose these names in particular because Saturn, known in Greek mythology as Cronus, was the leader of the Titans. At high temperatures (close to the melting point), and Q are low, so tidal heating is high. The average global thickness of the ice is thought to be about 12 to 16 miles (20 to 25 kilometers). Managing Editor: At Thanksgiving gatherings, food is shared, leftovers are coveted, and different people have different specialties. [33] Ongoing research on Cassini data suggests that Enceladus's hydrothermal environment could be habitable to some of Earth's hydrothermal vent's microorganisms, and that plume-found methane could be produced by such organisms.[34][35]. By measuring the effect of such deflections on the frequency of Cassini's signal. The dissipated heat resulting from this deformation is the main heating source for Enceladus's geologic activity. Despite its small size, Enceladus has a wide range of surface features, ranging from old, heavily cratered regions to young, tectonically deformed terrain. Beneath the icy shell of Saturn's moon Enceladus could be proof of life on another planet. Given the relative lack of craters on the smooth plains, these regions are probably less than a few hundred million years old. VIMS detected crystalline water ice in the stripes, suggesting that they are quite young (likely less than 1,000 years old) or the surface ice has been thermally altered in the recent past. Such a shift would lead to a more oblate shape;[6] or a rising mass of warm, low-density material in Enceladus's interior may have led to a shift in the position of the current south polar terrain from Enceladus's southern mid-latitudes to its south pole. [58] However, based on the effects of Enceladus's gravity on Cassini, its mass was determined to be much higher than previously thought, yielding a density of 1.61 g/cm3. [67], Images taken by Cassini during the flyby on July 14, 2005, revealed a distinctive, tectonically deformed region surrounding Enceladus's south pole. The chemical reaction is known as "methanogenesis" because it produces methane as a byproduct, and is at the root of the tree of life on Earth, the birthplace of all life that is known to exist. This site is maintained by the Planetary Science Communications team at. [25] In 2014, NASA reported that Cassini had found evidence for a large south polar subsurface ocean of liquid water with a thickness of around 10km (6mi). [61] Some areas contain no craters, indicating major resurfacing events in the geologically recent past. [22] Some of the water vapor falls back as "snow"; the rest escapes and supplies most of the material making up Saturn's Ering. In other areas, these bands bow upwards with fractures and ridges running the length of the feature. [91][89] Subsequent radioactive and tidal heating would raise the temperature of the core to 1,000 K, enough to melt the inner mantle. In particular, the south polar region of Enceladus is almost entirely free of impact craters. [173][174][175] By contrast, the water thought to be on Jupiter's moon Europa is located under a much thicker layer of ice. Cassini flew through this gas cloud on a few encounters, allowing instruments such as the ion and neutral mass spectrometer (INMS) and the cosmic dust analyzer (CDA) to directly sample the plume. [60] The fresh, clean ice that dominates its surface makes Enceladus the most reflective body in the Solar System, with a visual geometric albedo of 1.38[10] and bolometric Bond albedo of 0.810.04. At such a low gravity, you cannot run, for the force you would use in a step will send you on a very long jump that may last more than a minute (if you don't hit anything along the way before you touch ground again). A computer simulation that used data from Cassini was published in November 2017, and it indicates that friction heat from the sliding rock fragments within the permeable and fragmented core of Enceladus could keep its underground ocean warm for up to billions of years. By the Numbers. The planet has a very minor. If you weigh 100 pounds on Earth, you would weigh 240 pounds on Jupiter (assuming you could find someplace to, well, stand). [58] In addition, extensive linear cracks[59] and scarps were observed. [58] Based on the connection between Enceladus and the Ering, scientists suspected that Enceladus was the source of material in the Ering, perhaps through venting of water vapor. (See 'Composition' section.) Social Media Lead: [6][24] (Although the plume was imaged before, in January and February 2005, additional studies of the camera's response at high phase angles, when the Sun is almost behind Enceladus, and comparison with equivalent high-phase-angle images taken of other Saturnian satellites, were required before this could be confirmed. JPL's lucky peanuts are an unofficial tradition at big mission events. The shape, orientation, and location of these features suggest they are caused by changes in the overall shape of Enceladus. [166] Voyager 1 also confirmed that Enceladus was embedded in the densest part of Saturn's diffuse E ring. It builds on the experience gained from two less ambitious previous proposals, led by American scientists, the Journey to Enceladus (JET) in 2010 and the Enceladus Life Finder (ELF) in 2014. It ranks sixth in both mass and size among the satellites of Saturn, after Titan (5,150 km), Rhea (1,530 km), Iapetus (1,440 km), Dione (1,120 km) and Tethys (1,050 km). Europa, a much larger moon that orbits Jupiter, has a more extensive, global ocean under the surface. Geophysical models indicate that tidal heating is a main heat source, perhaps aided by radioactive decay and some heat-producing chemical reactions. [157][158] The presence of a wide range of organic compounds and ammonia indicates their source may be similar to the water/rock reactions known to occur on Earth and that are known to support life. Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP); Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM); Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph) A size comparison of Enceladus against the British Isles. [45], Like most of Saturn's larger satellites, Enceladus rotates synchronously with its orbital period, keeping one face pointed toward Saturn. Cassini observations of the Samarkand Sulci have revealed dark spots (125 and 750 m wide) located parallel to the narrow fractures. Castillo et al. Finding plumes at Europa is an exciting prospect, but scientists warn itll be tricky, even from up close. But this activity is delayed when compared to what would be expected of an elastic body: although . Today, we will mainly discuss Saturn. "[75] Previous models suggest that resonant perturbations of Dione could provide the necessary periodic eccentricity changes to maintain the subsurface ocean of Enceladus, if the ocean contains a substantial amount of ammonia. In addition, an increase in the power of ion cyclotron waves near the orbit of Enceladus was observed, which was further evidence of the ionization of neutral gas. The water jets come from relatively warm fractures in the crust, which scientists informally call the tiger stripes. Several gases, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, perhaps a little ammonia and either carbon monoxide or nitrogen gas make up the gaseous envelope of the plume, along with salts and silica. [74] Cassini's UVIS later observed gas jets coinciding with the dust jets seen by ISS during a non-targeted encounter with Enceladus in October 2007. enceladus gravity compared to earth. Enceladus is perhaps the most interesting astrobiology target in the outer solar system. The November 2005 images showed the plume's fine structure, revealing numerous jets (perhaps issuing from numerous distinct vents) within a larger, faint component extending out nearly 500km (310mi) from the surface. [113][115], Further analysis in 2019 was done of the spectral characteristics of ice grains in Enceladus's erupting plumes. With a mean radius of 252 km, Enceladus is equivalent in size to 0.0395 Earths (or 0.1451 Moons). https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/science/enceladus/, https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/3023/hydrothermal-activity/, https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/3020/the-moon-with-the-plume/, https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/3021/put-a-ring-on-it/, https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/3022/free-samples/, 10 Things: Dust in the Wind (on Mars and Well Beyond), NASA's LRO Finds Lunar Pits Harbor Comfortable Temperatures, January 2022: The Next Full Moon is the Wolf Moon, or Ice Moon, Are Water Plumes Spraying from Europa? Finding plumes at Europa is an exciting prospect, but scientists warn itll be tricky, even from up close. Like the deep rifts, they are among the youngest features on Enceladus. Interplanetary missions are similar, but with spaceship parts instead of potatoes or pie. Only its orbital characteristics were known, with estimations of its mass, density and albedo. Our 2021 round-up of NASA planetary science is packed with the years most spectacular images, ground-breaking discoveries, and incredible mission events. Since the escape velocity of Enceladus is only about 500 mph (805 km/h) (compared to Earth's 25,100 mph [40,300 km/h]), astronomers thought that violent meteor impacts on this moon must . Comments: Accepted to ApJ. Titan is thought to have a volatile cycle, such as on Earth and likely in the past on Mars, which would entail surficial liquid flow. Other planets and moons with low gravity include Mars, which has about 38% of Earth's gravity, and Mercury, which has about 38% of Earth's gravity. The smooth plains, which Voyager 2 had observed, resolved into relatively crater-free regions filled with numerous small ridges and scarps. However, unlike those seen on Ganymede, grooved topography on Enceladus is generally more complex. A rotocraft will fly in Titan's dense atmosphere, seeking prebiotic chemical processes. Such features are geologically young, because they cut across other tectonic features and have sharp topographic relief with prominent outcrops along the cliff faces. [141] It suggests that tectonics in the south polar region is probably mainly related to subsidence and associated subduction caused by the process of mass loss. For the first time, astronomers have uncovered evidence of water vapor in the atmosphere of Jupiter's moon Ganymede. NASA has approved development of a Titan mission called Dragonfly. Bibcode:2014P&SS..104..185C. Enceladus and south polar jets (April 13, 2017). [193], In 2022, the Planetary Science Decadal Survey by the National Academy of Sciences recommended that NASA prioritize its newest probe concept, the Enceladus Orbilander, as a Flagship-class mission, alongside its newest concepts for a Mars sample-return mission and the Uranus Orbiter and Probe. [138] Additional historical information is needed to explain how Enceladus first entered the high-energy state (e.g. In 2023, NASAs Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover (VIPER) will land near the western edge of the Nobile Crater at the Moons South Pole. [91] Gravity measurements by Cassini show that the density of the core is low, indicating that the core contains water in addition to silicates. [127][137], Mimas, the innermost of the round moons of Saturn and directly interior to Enceladus, is a geologically dead body, even though it should experience stronger tidal forces than Enceladus. [23] The E ring is the widest and outermost ring of Saturn (except for the tenuous Phoebe ring). [54] Analysis of the CDA and INMS data suggest that the gas cloud Cassini flew through during the July encounter, and observed from a distance with its magnetometer and UVIS, was actually a water-rich cryovolcanic plume, originating from vents near the south pole. mimas enceladus tethys web nov 21 2022 specialties we re planet fitness the judgement . [88][89] These radionuclides, like aluminium-26 and iron-60, have short half-lives and would produce interior heating relatively quickly. Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn (19th largest in the Solar System). This apparent paradox can be explained in part by temperature-dependent properties of water ice (the main constituent of the interiors of Mimas and Enceladus). Tidal heating, such as from the resonance with Dione or from libration, would then have sustained these hot spots in the core and would power the current geological activity. Because Enceladus reflects so much sunlight, the surface temperature is extremely cold, about minus 330 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 201 degrees Celsius). [6][b], The expanded surface coverage provided by Cassini has allowed for the identification of additional regions of smooth plains, particularly on Enceladus's leading hemisphere (the side of Enceladus that faces the direction of motion as it orbits Saturn). [145][148] In addition, models indicate[149] that the large rocky core is porous, allowing water to flow through it, transferring heat and chemicals. The Enceladus Orbilander would be launched on a similarly affordable rocket, but would cost about $5 billion, and be designed to endure eighteen months in orbit inspecting Enceladus' plumes before landing and spending two Earth years conducting surface astrobiology research. It builds on the experience gained from two less ambitious previous proposals, led by American scientists, the Journey to Enceladus (JET) in 2010 and the Enceladus Life Finder (ELF) in 2014. [110], The mass spectrometer detected molecular hydrogen (H2) which was in "thermodynamic disequilibrium" with the other components,[111] and found traces of ammonia (NH3). I met the principle investigator for the E 2 T proposal . Organic compounds have been found in the plumes rising from the subsurface ocean on Enceladus, adding to the evidence that one of Saturn's most intriguing moons should be explored further. This, among other evidence, points to hydrothermal vents deep beneath Enceladus icy shell, not unlike the hydrothermal vents that dot Earths ocean floor. Enceladus is named after a giant in Greek mythology. Because Mimas, being smaller, would cool more rapidly than Enceladus, its window of opportunity for initiating orbital resonance-driven convection would have been considerably shorter. 1. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2030.pdf. Planetary and Space Science. [6], Following Voyager's encounters with Enceladus in the early 1980s, scientists postulated it to be geologically active based on its young, reflective surface and location near the core of the Ering. Enceladus: a cradle of life of the Solar System? Enceladus' 1.3-Earth-day orbit around Saturn is slightly elliptical (egg-shaped), so the moon's distance from Saturn changes regularly as it travels in its orbit. (2005) suggested that Iapetus and the other icy satellites of Saturn formed relatively quickly after the formation of the Saturnian subnebula, and thus were rich in short-lived radionuclides. Enceladus. Viscously relaxed craters tend to have domed floors, or are recognized as craters only by a raised, circular rim. [165] Images acquired from this distance had very poor spatial resolution, but revealed a highly reflective surface devoid of impact craters, indicating a youthful surface. Yet, its gravitational force has saved the Earth from turning upside down in its orbit or undergoing significant climate changes every few centuries. The spacecraft would be directed to perform a single flyby through Enceladus' plumes in order to sample and analyze its content for biosignatures. Tiger Lu, Hanno Rein, Daniel Tamayo, Sam Hadden, Rosemary Mardling, Sarah C. Millholland, Gregory Laughlin. [63], In addition to deep fractures and grooved lanes, Enceladus has several other types of tectonic terrain. Enceladus was discovered on August 28, 1789, by William Herschel,[1][17][18] but little was known about it until the two Voyager spacecraft, Voyager1 and Voyager2, flew by Saturn in 1980 and 1981. enceladus gravity compared to earthmanticore greek mythology. Thanks to the larger asteroid's weak gravity, Dactyl is unlikely to be . NASA Administrator Bill Nelson laid out the path forward for early Artemis missions that will pave the way for lunar surface missions. Enceladus is tidally locked with Saturn, keeping the same face toward the planet. https://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/3020/the-moon-with-the-plume/ pigella miraculous ladybug power. This may be quite dangerous. [60], Impact cratering is a common occurrence on many Solar System bodies. Voyager 2 passed closer to Enceladus (87,010km) on August 26, 1981, allowing higher-resolution images to be obtained. Called Ganymede, it has a diameter of 3,275 miles (5,270 kilometers). We nd [62] Thickness variations in Enceladus's lithosphere is one explanation for this discrepancy. Small water ice particles fly from fissures in the south polar region of Saturn's moon Enceladus in this image taken during the Aug. 13, 2010, flyby of . (2018). [12] The presence of a subsurface ocean under the south polar region is now accepted,[118] but it cannot explain the source of the heat, with an estimated heat flux of 200mW/m2, which is about 10 times higher than that from radiogenic heating alone.[119]. [6] Enceladus is only one-seventh the diameter of Earth's Moon. We can't actually see what's happening in that ocean, but there are clues in the ice. 16, EGU2014-9492-1", "A Perspective on Life on Enceladus: A World of Possibilities", "Warm Oceans on Saturn's Moon Enceladus Could Harbor Life", Habitability of Enceladus: Planetary Conditions for Life, "Ocean on Saturn's moon Enceladus could be rich in a key ingredient for life", "Abundant phosphorus expected for possible life in Enceladus's ocean", "Conditions for Life Detected on Saturn Moon Enceladus", "NASA: Ocean on Saturn moon may possess life-sustaining hydrothermal vents", "NASA finds more evidence that the ocean on Enceladus could support alien life", "NASA Missions Provide New Insights into 'Ocean Worlds', "NASA finds ingredients for life spewing out of Saturn's icy moon Enceladus", "Enceladus: Evolution and Possible Relationship to Saturn's E-ring", "Saturn's Geyser Moon Shines in Close Flyby Views", "Cassini Completes Final Close Enceladus Flyby", "Deepest-Ever Dive Through Enceladus Plume Completed", "Cassini Images of Enceladus Suggest Geysers Erupt Liquid Water at the Moon's South Pole", "The search for life from Venus to the outer solar system", "Signs of Europa Plumes Remain Elusive in Search of Cassini Data", "A lander mission to probe subglacial water on Saturn's moon Enceladus for life", "Exciting New 'Enceladus Explorer' Mission Proposed to Search for Life", "Searching for life in the depths of Enceladus", "Diverse destinations considered for new interplanetary probe", "Saturn Moon Enceladus Eyed for Sample-Return Mission", "TandEM (Titan and Enceladus Mission) Workshop", "Private mission may get us back to Enceladus sooner than NASA", "NASA to support initial studies of privately funded Enceladus mission", NASA to support initial studies of privately funded Enceladus mission, Billionaire aims to jump-start search for alien life and rewrite rules of space exploration, A different trajectory for funding space science missions, "Planetary science decadal endorses Mars sample return, outer planets missions", Titan and Enceladus $1B Mission Feasibility Study, "Planetary Science Decadal Survey Enceladus Orbiter", "Discovery Missions for an Icy Moon with Active Plumes", "IceMole Drill Built to Explore Saturn's Icy Moon Enceladus Passes Glacier Test", "LIFE Enceladus Plume Sample Return via Discovery", "LIFE: Life Investigation For Enceladus A Sample Return Mission Concept in Search for Evidence of Life", "Explorer of Enceladus and Titan (E2T): Investigating the habitability and evolution of ocean worlds in the Saturn system", "Cassini: The legend and legacy of one of NASA's most prolific missions", Paul Schenk's 3D images and flyover videos of Enceladus and other outer solar system satellites, Images of Enceladus at JPL's Planetary Photojournal, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enceladus&oldid=1142444823, 'Titan and Enceladus $1B Mission Feasibility' Study, This page was last edited on 2 March 2023, at 12:01. Our understanding of Neptune's magnetosphere and aurora is limited almost entirely to radio, UV and in-situ observations made by Voyager 2. [15] The Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) confirmed this result by observing two stellar occultations during the February 17 and July 14 encounters. [104], The INMS instrument detected mostly water vapor, as well as traces of molecular nitrogen, carbon dioxide,[14] and trace amounts of simple hydrocarbons such as methane, propane, acetylene and formaldehyde. [15] During the two following encounters, the magnetometer team determined that gases in Enceladus's atmosphere are concentrated over the south polar region, with atmospheric density away from the pole being much lower. [6][123] Most scientists think the observed heat flux of Enceladus is not enough to maintain the subsurface ocean, and therefore any subsurface ocean must be a remnant of a period of higher eccentricity and tidal heating, or the heat is produced through another mechanism. Our 2021 round-up of NASA planetary science is packed with the years most spectacular images, ground-breaking discoveries, and incredible mission events. The shadows cast by the roughness of the Moons surface create small cold spots for water ice to accumulate even during the harsh lunar daytime. Much of Enceladus's surface is covered with craters at various densities and levels of degradation. It completes one orbit every 32.9 hours within the densest part of Saturn's E Ring. Enceladus's gravity (-150 degrees C): 49.08; Atmosphere stability for water molecules: Earth's gravity (15 degrees C): 7.320; . [6] However, the north polar region is densely cratered, and has a much older surface age than the south pole. [40][41], Enceladus is a relatively small satellite composed of ice and rock. The source of the impactor might have been a unique satellite-centric debris, a unique impactor population . [80][81][82], The extent to which cryovolcanism really occurs is a subject of some debate. [75] The intensity of the eruption of the south polar jets varies significantly as a function of the position of Enceladus in its orbit. [65], Two regions of smooth plains were observed by Voyager 2. If mass loss at this rate continued for 4.5 Gyr, the satellite would have lost approximately 30% of its initial mass. Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/NASACassini/, Mass NASA has selected SpaceX to provide launch services for Earths first mission to conduct detailed investigations of Jupiter's moon Europa. This small satellite of Saturn has jets of water ice particles emanating from its South Pole. [130] A more recent analysis claimed that "a model of the tiger stripes as tidally flexed slots that puncture the ice shell can simultaneously explain the persistence of the eruptions through the tidal cycle, the phase lag, and the total power output of the tiger stripe terrain, while suggesting that eruptions are maintained over geological timescales. However, analysis of the shape of Enceladus suggests that at some point it was in a 1:4 forced secondary spinorbit libration. Parts of Enceladus show craters up to 22 miles (35 kilometers) in diameter, while other regions have few craters, indicating major resurfacing events in the geologically recent past. Social Media Lead: NASAs Hubble Space Telescope has completed this year's grand tour of the outer solar system.

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