the expectation that their contributions will be rewarded) (Adams, 1963). It was suggested that when the actual wage falls short of employees fair wage, employees tend to engage in withdrawal behaviour. Chapter 10 Quiz - Managing Conflict & Power, Chapter 12 Quiz - Relationships with Family M, Chapter 13 Quiz - Relationships with Friends, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Arlene Lacombe, Kathryn Dumper, Rose Spielman, William Jenkins, BA 3350 CH 11 TEST, BA 3350 TEST 12, BA 3350. The Conflict Theory is a macro theory. Extremely flexible (almost anything can qualify as a social resource) and 2. Marx was a witness to oppression perpetrated by society's elite members . (1990). In S. Papagiannidis (Ed), TheoryHub Book. which results in contradiction between them. It was first developed in 1963 by John Stacey Adams, a workplace and behavioral psychologist, who asserted that employees seek to maintain equity between the inputs [] Which of the following statements about attraction is NOT true? The notion of "social behavior as exchange" was first identified by American sociologist George C. Homans in 1958. First, the theory aimed to explain how people evaluate the degree to which interpersonal relations are fair. Aug 10th, 2021 Published. Romer, D. (1979). Analysis of the theory of Social Contract by Thomas Hobbes According to Hobbes, the state's role is to provide security and control behaviour to protect people from one other. In your office, there are several editors who are not only profession peers to you but also friends. A special case of Festinger's cognitive dissonance, the theory specifies the conditions under which, Students of industrial organization have long been interested in the connection between the relative status of workers on different jobs and the characteristics of these jobs, especially differences, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. & Dahl, D.W. (2003). They have intimate physical relationship and visit each others parents on the holidays. If you have always had poor friendships, your comparison levels at the start of a relationship will be lower than a person who has always had supportive and caring friends. & Chung, C.M. The perception of online justice indirectly affects value co-creation behaviour, mediated by the sense of a virtual community (Chou, Lin & Huang, 2016). The Fair Wage-Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment. He views inequality as more of a process between the dominant group and those who are subordinated. According to social exchange theory, people evaluate their relationships by analyzing the benefits they feel they might receive through them. Similar to inputs, outputs were characterised in terms of recognition and relevance. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Equity theory is a theory about fairness. a. pluralistic family Iqbal, Y. Another approach to exploring individuals differences in equity/inequity perception was provided by Norman Anderson (1979), who developed a model of cognitive algebra to explain how people integrate information to form their judgement. Novelty vs predictability Downward comparison principles in social psychology. Inequity exists for Person whenever his perceived job inputs and/or outcomes stand psychologically in an obverse relation to what he perceives are the inputs and/or outcomes of Other. Romer, D. (1977). The application of the theory was also found in research on intimate relations (Canary & Stafford, 1992; Sechrist et al., 2014). What is the most frequently used relational maintenance strategy? Boston House, The conceptualised elements were output, input, person and others. Social exchange theory: What is it, and how can it be applied to everyday situations? By 1963, Adams drew sufficient evidence from prior literature in sociology and psychology to propose that equity/inequity is not a matter of being overpaid, underpaid or fairly paid, neither is it the subject of an evaluation by purely economic measurements. (1963). In addition, participants were asked questions about the ways they maintained their relationships, such as by dividing chores, communicating positively and showing affection for one another. According to social exchange theory, they may be basing their decision on. Conversely, the highest income earners (those earning 100 million won or more) make up 1.4% of the labour force. Expectations can appear within work relationships as well. (2003). Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic of passionate love? It was found that the evaluation of perceived fairness by employees of different groups in one division in an organisation made it possible to conclude that the rewards were not considered to be fair if input was higher compared to that of other colleagues (Adams, 1963). c. collaborative approach Measuring equity is through comparing the rations of employees contributions to the organization and the benefits that the employees achieve. Which of the following is NOT true of sexual infidelity? Fairness is achieved when people feel they get approximately what they deserve from relationships. In most organizations, the salary usually is the cause of disagreement since it brings into consideration inequity and equity. (2020). Cognitive Dissonance Theory explains the behaviour of people when they experience stress induced by contradictory cognitions and the motivation of people to reduce stress by passive or proactive measures (Festinger, 1962). For equity sensitive people, the evaluation of fairness depends on the proportional ratio of output against the inputs contributed to relations. John Hoffman has determined there is a ratio that successful relationships established of positive behaviors to negative behaviors. a. physically appealing request for compensation) or psychological means (justification) (Walster, Berscheid & Walster, 1973). c. conformity orientation Our website is a unique platform where students can share their papers in a matter of giving an example of the work to be done. For example, although a sociologist himself, if asked, he would respond that "most sociological theorists are idiots.". Which of the following could explain his attraction? This theory focuses on face-to-face relationships and isn't meant to measure behavior or change at a societal level. When the risks outweigh the rewards, people will terminate or. In this case, the inputs are the contributions that the employees bring into an organization, which range from job experience to interpersonal behavior. For example, it is perfectly normal for many people to put in more than they receive at the beginning of a relationship, but if it carries on like that for too long, it will lead to dissatisfaction. (1994). What characteristics of defense climates are you exhibiting? Chou, E., Lin, C. & Huang, H. (2016). What type of family does she live in? The UK's Gini score has remained in the mid-30s since the early 1990s, after peaking at 35.1 at the turn of the millennium. The hypothesis was consistent with observed wage differentials and unemployment patterns, which confirmed the power of the theory in explaining economic indexes (Akerlof & Yellen, 1990). According to social exchange theory, a person will weigh the . Autonomy vs connection. If your parents provide you with food, clothing, shelters and other basic needs, what kind of power currency do they have over you? Building upon current, Emphasizing the perceptual interdependence of social exchange partners, this study tests hypotheses derived from assumptions about self-enhancing social categorization coupled with the perspective, Throughout history, people have been concerned with social justice. Ederer, F. & Manso, G. (2013). One reason people are hesitant to share personal information about themselves is that disclosure leaves a path open to revisit that information again in future conversations. b. cultural disapproval & Lai, H.Y.I. Adams, J.S. The proposed theoretical framework of equity in the social exchange context aimed to contribute to the literature on social psychology. Homans is known for being rather matter-of-fact. The balanced exchange of support between family members was confirmed to determine the quality of relations (Sechrist et al., 2014). However, Van Yperen and Buunk (1990) studied married couples and found that dissatisfaction in inequitable relationships increased with time, not the other way around. c. intelligent It contains structured and recurrent patterns of unequal distributions of goods, wealth, opportunities, rewards, and punishments. As a result, you might reassess the relationship in terms of what may now be a somewhat lower comparison level. Complete the sentence by writing the correct form of the word shown in parentheses. He's finding himself increasingly attracted to his coworker. Spector (2008) shares the same sentiments with Adams (1965) by stating that guilt is caused by overpayment equity while underpayment inequity is causes anger. If an auto repair ship charges high labor taxes, yet you are willing to pay them because of their excellent reputation and skilled mechanics, what type of currency is represented? What stage is this couple at? In response to the performance of a negative behaviour towards another party, an individual can seek punishment from other people (Walster, Berscheid & Walster, 1973). c. conformity orientation Measuring inequity According to equity theory, people pursue reciprocity in their relationships. Note: The above text is excerpted . The fair sharing of profits (benefits) between self and the employer. Social inequality refers to relational processes in society that have the effect of limiting or harming a group's social status, social class, and social circle. Inequity Leads to Distress and a Reduction in Satisfaction: Evidence From a Priming Experiment. This recalibration of the exchange balance might lead to the termination of the relationship if the balance is tipped too far toward the negative side. According to Marx, the bourgeoisie have the monetary power to gain . In the 11 th century, St. Anselm of Canterbury (1998) argued that the will possesses two competing inclinations: an affection for a Expand 22 Highly Influenced Huseman, R.C., Hatfield, J.D. A strength of Equity Theory is that it is supported by research findings. b. in the organization who hold similar status By Kendra Cherry Because the success of digital learning likely relies on many factors beyond good digital infrastructure conditions, this article focuses on which aspects, at both . & Stafford, L. (1992). The minimax principle states that people seek to maximize their benefits and minimize their costs. The model can be a useful tool in analysing individuals cognitive differences underpinning equity evaluation (Farkas & Anderson, 1979). King, W.C. & Miles, E.W. Specifically, it has been argued that Equity Theory mostly refers to situations with a more economic nature and a context denoting competitive relations (Romer, 1977). Individuals are profit-driven per se and expect the outcome to be equal rewards minus costs. Your supervisor is known for seeking input from her subordinates and putting such suggestions to use. Leadership for social justice in Hong Kong schools. c. less exposure leads to greater attraction What Should Be Done with Equity Theory?. a. protective approach d. equity must be achieved to increase attraction d. pluralistic families e. consensual family, Families that are both high in conversation and conformity orientation are called Read 'A Literature of Place' by Barry Lopez and answer the following question. & Moser, D.V. a. desire those who are more attractive than us Lund, D.J., Scheer, L.K. Davies, S.G., McGregor, J., Pringle, J. Canary, D.J. Views. Kim, C.K., Evans, J.H. Moreover, perception of equity changes over time. Its application to close relationships has been primarily . (2007). Such a conclusion comes from the first assumption of the theory, which postulates that people in social exchange relations strive to maximise personal benefits, disregarding the cooperative relations people may engage in (Walster, Berscheid & Walster, 1973; Adams, 1963). The basic definition of social exchange theory is that people make decisions by consciously or unconsciously measuring the costs and rewards of a relationship or action, ultimately seeking to maximize their reward. According to the Equity Theory, a person who gets more benefits out of relationships than they put in will feel guilt and shame, and those who think they put a lot in but get very little back will be angry and resentful. a. in the organization who have higher status Researchers such as Sprecher (1992) found that women tend to be more disturbed when under-benefitting from relationships, and feel more guilt when over-benefitting, while DeMaris et al. Equity Theory (ET) Equity Theory explains the individual's perception of fairness in social exchange relationships, based on the perception of one's input into relations and the output of those relations compared against the ratio of the input and output of other people DOWNLOAD PDF Equity Theory: A review Overview Concepts References Introduction In family relations, the misbalance in the benefits and treatment between the parties causes psychological stress and dissatisfaction with relations (Sprecher, 2018). Shore, T.H., Tashchian, A. Finally, Equity Theory has been criticised for its unidimensional measurement, whereby rewards implied different resources, disregarding the processes that people may evaluate. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. In addition, the insight into the economic dynamics of developing countries demonstrated that despite the increase in public-sector social spending, the unequal distribution of socio-economic benefits among the society significantly impedes countries economic development (Ocampo & Vallejo, 2012). Equity Theory has also underpinned research in economic psychology. A sudden eruption, involving heated exchange is what type of conflict? Another study, conducted by Stafford and Canary (2006), also found similar trends. Walster, E., Berscheid, E. & Walster, G.W. Which repair strategy for romantic relationships is active and constructive? What dialect tension is he experiencing? It is possible to have a relationship that has depth, but not breadth. ZC.LICENSE = ['569d52cefae586f634c54f86dc99e6a9', 'ee6b7db5b51705a13dc2339db3edaf6d'];
According to exchange theory, people weight the benefits and risks of social-relationship. According to this theory, people weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships to secure their self-interest. Thus, it creates a system of winners and losers that is maintained by those who are on the top. According to Social Exchange Theory, trust between organizations results from reciprocal exchanges. Beside the explanatory robustness, the goal of the theory was to be able to predict how individuals may behave by assessing the relative outcomes of relations (Walster, Berscheid & Walster, 1973). The data file Earnings per Share shows earnings per share of a corporation over a period of 28 years. [citation needed] self-outside: Groups can maximize collective rewards by developing accepted systems for equitably apportioning rewards and costs among members. Do you want to borrow my copy of The Old Man and the Sea or Daniels copy? The results supported the predictions of Equity Theory in terms of likely responses to underpayment and the coping role of negative behaviour in situations of perceived inequity (Greenberg, 1990). Negative relationships occur when the costs are greater than the benefits. Individuals react in consistent but individually different ways to both perceived equity and inequity because they have different preferences for (i.e., are differentially sensitive to) equity. For example, an employee who is underpaid may feel hostile towards other employees and the entire organization. The paper ' Inequity in Social Exchange' is a great example of a Management Essay. & De Witte, H. (2015). d. pluralistic By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. The purpose of this exchange is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Mixed-status relationship in the workplace, On average, people report_____ conflicts per week, You work for an IT company that has as it primary client a very large and powerful national bank. One of the more memorable statements of Barack Obama's presidency thus far has been his claim, in a high-profile December 2013 speech, that great and growing economic inequality is . Having identified the variables involved in the evaluation of inequity, inequity was conceptualised as a misbalance between the personal input/output of relations and the observed input/output of relations of other people (Adams, 1963). The president of your company likes to remind employees, "I am the boss of this show and the buck stops here." Zhang, S. & Leidner, D. (2018). Of the colors of love, which is the leave common? It meant to be a comprehensive framework, which would incorporate and explain a number of mini-theories in social psychology, such as Learning Theory, Cognitive Consistency Theory, and Freudian Theory, which had been vaguely explained before. Your office mate has become your best friend. These beliefs trigger positive emotions and behaviour (Ming Chiu & Walker, 2007; Chan & Lai, 2017), while the perception of injustice contributes to emotional exhaustion (Piccoli & De Witte, 2015). developed an equity sensitivity construct, which explains the difference in the perception of equity depending on the personal norm (Huseman, Hatfield & Miles, 1987). It was confirmed that in the condition of fair effort-reward allocation, people tend to perform better and feel more satisfied (Janssen, 2001). Social exchange theory is a model of human behavior that has been developed to explain the processes by which people make relationships and maintain them. Five percent of the values are less than what XXX value? Perceived distributive justice refers to the perception that the amount of reward for the input in exchange is fair. Social exchange theory. & Alba, J.W. Use a computer to prepare a time plot of this series and comment on the components of the series revealed by this plot. d. family stories Delia Furtado, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. Scheer, L.K., Kumar, N. & Steenkamp, J.E.M. matching your topic, you may use them only as an example of work. b. desire those who are less attractive than us Which of the following metaphors most accurately describes the thrust of social exchange theory? The people who are losers do not get a fair chance to compete, and thus are stuck on the bottom. Which of the following is NOT true of gender differences in love? Which of the following relationship dialects occurred most often within families? These results indicate clear gender differences between males and females and highlight the importance of conducting research into males and females separately, to avoid gender bias. Download chapter PDF References Alexander, Jeffery, Munch, Richard, Smelser, Neil, & Giesen, Bernhard. Fair Pay or Power Play? Which of the following forms of harassment occurs most frequently in the workplace? In any relationship, people weigh the risks and rewards. The part that is left is not of much importance. It was found that underpayment reduced firm value in poorly-governed firms, while overpayment had no effect on firm value (Gyapong, Khaghaany & Ahmed, 2020). Thus, for example, when an employee notices that another employee is getting better compensation in the tasks that the employee has completed and both employees had completed the same task may be a factor that brings into consideration dissatisfaction (Adams 1965). In Adams' (1965) seminal paper, this It can be even the person himself/herself, but at another point in time/situation/circumstances. The asymmetry in the impact on equity when compared with other users in the reference group. a. conformity orientation Openness vs protection After analyzing the costs and benefits and contrasting these against your comparison levels, you might start to look at other options. Both men and women view emotional infidelity in the same way as sexual infidelity. How does social exchange theory affect racism? Transactional and Transformational Leadership Theory These three theories formed the theoretical underpinning of Equity Theory, making it possible to explain the nature of relations between people, the mechanisms underpinning the cognitive evaluation of the outcomes of relations, and peoples reaction to such outcomes of relations. Isolation from friends and family, using threats, using power to be controlling, emotional abusive language. 2. For example, the principles of Equity Theory were used to examine the effect of fairness perception on employees negative and positive behaviour (Janssen, 2001; Moorman, 1991; Greenberg, 1990). The devaluation of the input of the other party and self-affirmation that rewards are inequitable are the two psychological techniques that are used to rationalise the unfavourable outcome of relations (Walster, Berscheid & Walster, 1973; Davies et al., 2018). The asymmetric role of corporate governance in CEO pay determination: evidence from South Africa. Specifically, there is evidence that procedural and distributive justice in web purchasing induces a positive emotional state and leads to future purchase intention (Oliver, Shor & Tidd, 2004). Darke, P.R. a. family rituals To truly understand social exchange theory requires recognizing the aspects on which it is based. Explains that social exchange theory seeks to maintain a relationship as long as the benefits outweigh the costs, while equity theory states that both people should benefit, both benefits and costs should be balanced. Chan, S.H.J. Employees can withhold from responding to inequity to maintain relationships or obtain gains from other aspects of relationships. Match case Limit results 1 per page. On the lines provided, rewrite each of the following sentences, underlining any words that should be italicized and inserting quotation marks, apostrophes, hyphens, dashes, parentheses, brackets, and ellipsis points where necessary. Homans was a pioneer in behavioral sociology and held several roles of distinction in his career, including serving as president of the American Sociological Association (1963 to 1964) and chairman of Harvard's Department of Sociology (1970 to 1975).